用3ds Max建立城市房屋3维模型的方法     

全威  郝桂菊 《测绘与空间地理信息》2011,(6):194-195,200

3维造型软件3ds Max以其强大的功能,越来越受到广大设计者的青睐,已经成为当前模型、效果图制作的主流软件。文章介绍了用3ds Max建立城市房屋3维模型的基本方法,对建立城市房屋3维模型有一定的参考和应用价值。  相似文献   

利用线性混合模型进行高光谱混合图像分解     

秦志伟  李福金 《测绘与空间地理信息》2011,(6):70-72

简述了混合像元及线性模型的基本理论,介绍了线性光谱模型进行分解的步骤,以具体实例实现应用线性混合模型对高光谱混合影像的分解。  相似文献   

广西"6.12"特大暴雨中西南涡与中尺度对流系统发展的相互关系研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

陈涛  张芳华  端义宏 《气象学报》2011,69(3):472-485

基于多种观测和数值模式模拟资料,在位涡守恒和反演理论的框架下,对2008年广西"6.12"特大暴雨过程中的西南低涡系统发展过程及其伴随的中尺度对流系统活动特征进行了分析.从天气系统的综合分析看,低涡系统在初始阶段发展相当迅速,东移过程中低空西南急流有明显增强,为中尺度对流系统的活动提供了良好的环境条件.对位涡的诊断分析...  相似文献   

亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器及其初步试验     

陈法敬  矫梅燕  陈静 《气象学报》2011,69(5):872-882

为用户提供概率天气预报信息是公共气象服务的发展趋势,概率天气预报技术的不断改进实现了概率天气预报信息的不断优化。在众多概率天气预报技术方法中,贝叶斯预报处理器是一种新近出现的、基于贝叶斯统计理论的概率预报技术;贝叶斯预报处理器可以根据一个确定性预报系统的预报值与观测值之间代表着这个系统预报性能的统计关系,借助于贝叶斯统计理论,把一个确定性预报转化为一个概率预报,从而实现对预报不确定性的定量化。由于亚高斯似然模型可以适用于多种单调似然比随机依赖结构,故采用该似然模型的亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器,它在气象、水文等领域具有较强的适用性。在简要介绍了连续型二维随机变量情形下的贝叶斯定理及正态-线性贝叶斯预报处理器之后,详细论述了采用单一预报因子的连续型预报量亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器,并以长沙站和武汉站2008年1月每日00时(世界时)地面气温(T2m)的中国国家气象中心、欧洲中期天气预报中心、美国国家环境预测中心集合预报中的控制预报资料(预报时效选为96h)作为确定性预报样本,对亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器进行了初步试验。结果表明,亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器可以将T2m各集合预报中的控制预报转化为能定量地表达各控制预报不确定性的T2...  相似文献   

Evaluation and Improvement of a SVD-Based Empirical Atmospheric Model     

YU Jia-Yuh  CHANG Cheng-Wei  TU Jien-Yi 《大气科学进展》2011,28(3):636-652

An empirical atmospheric model(EAM) based on the singular value decomposition(SVD) method is evaluated using the composite El Ni(?)o/Southern Oscillation(ENSO) patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind anomalies as the target scenario.Two versions of the SVD-based EAM were presented for comparisons.The first version estimates the wind anomalies in response to SST variations based on modes that were calculated from a pair of global wind and SST fields(i.e.,conventional EAM or CEAM).The second version utilizes the same model design but is based on modes that were calculated in a region-wise manner by separating the tropical domain from the remaining extratropical regions(i.e.,region-wise EAM or REAM). Our study shows that,while CEAM has shown successful model performance over some tropical areas, such as the equatorial eastern Pacific(EEP),the western North Pacific(WNP),and the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO),its performance over the North Pacific(NP) seems poor.When REAM is used to estimate the wind anomalies instead of CEAM,a marked improvement over NP readily emerges.Analyses of coupled modes indicate that such an improvement can be attributed to a much stronger coupled variability captured by the first region-wise SVD mode at higher latitudes compared with that captured by the conventional one. The newly proposed way of constructing the EAM(i.e.,REAM) can be very useful in the coupled studies because it gives the model a wider application beyond the commonly accepted tropical domain.  相似文献   

Relationship Between the Western Pacific Subtropical High and the Subtropical East Asian Diabatic Heating During South China Heavy Rains in June 2005          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Lijuan  GAO Hui  GUAN Zhaoyong  HE Jinhai 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(2):203-210

Based on the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the position variation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in June 2005 and its relation to the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asia are analyzed using the complete vertical vorticity equation. The results show that the position variation of the WPSH is indeed associated with the diabatic heating in the subtropical East Asian areas. In comparison with June climatology, stronger heating on the north side of the WPSH and relatively weak ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) convection on the south side of the WPSH occurred in June 2005. Along with the northward movement of the WPSH, the convective latent heating extended northward from the south side of the WPSH. The heating to the west of the WPSH was generally greater than that inside the WPSH, and each significant enhancement of the heating field corresponded to a subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. In the mid troposphere, the vertical variation of heating on the north of the WPSH was greater than the climatology, which is unfavorable for the northward movement of the WPSH. On the other hand, the vertical variation of heating south of the WPSH was largely smaller than the climatology, which is favorable for the anomalous increase of anticyclonic vorticity, leading to the southward retreat of the WPSH. Before the westward extension of the WPSH in late June 2005, the vertical variation of heating rates to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH was largely higher (lower) than the climatology, which is in favor of the increase of anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity to (in) the west (east) of the WPSH, inducing the subsequent westward extension of the WPSH. Similar features appeared in the lower troposphere. In a word, the heating on the north-south, east-west of the WPSH worked together, resulting in the WPSH extending more southward and westward in June 2005, which is favorable to the maintenance of the rainbelt in South China.  相似文献   

The GRAPES Variational Bias Correction Scheme and Associated Preliminary Experiments          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Xiang  LI Gang  ZHANG Hu  WANG Hui  GUO Rui 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(1):51-62

The variational assimilation theory is generally based on unbiased observations. In practice, however, almost all observations suffer from biases arising from observational instruments, radiative transfer operator, precondition of data, and so on. Therefore, a bias correction scheme is indispensable. The current scheme for radiance bias correction in the GRAPES 3DVar system is an offline scheme. It is actually a static correction for the radiance bias before the process of cost function minimization. In consideration of its effects on forecast results, this kind of scheme has some shortcomings. Thus, this study provides a variational bias correction (VarBC) scheme for the GRAPES 3DVar system following Dee’s idea. In the VarBC scheme, the observation operator is modified and a new control variable is defined by taking the predictor coefficients as the control parameters. According to the feature of the GRAPES-3DVAR, an incremental formulation is applied and the original bias correction scheme is maintained in the actual process of observations. The VarBC is designed to co-exist with the original scheme, because it is a dynamic revision to the observational operator on the basis of the old method, i.e., it adjusts the model state vector along with the control parameters to an unbiased state in the process of minimization and the assimilation system remains consistent with available information automatically. Preliminary experimental results show that the mean departures of background-minus-observation and analysis-minus-observation are reduced as expected. In a case study of the heavy rainfall that happened in South China on 11–13 June 2008, the 500-hPa geopotential height is better simulated using the analyzed field from the VarBC as the initial condition.  相似文献   

A Study of Shallow Cumulus Cloud Droplet Dispersion by Large Eddy Simulations          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Xiaofeng  XUE Huiwen  FANG Wen  ZHENG Guoguang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(2):166-175

Cloud droplet dispersion is an important parameter in estimating aerosol indirect effect on climate in general circulation models (GCMs). This study investigates droplet dispersion in shallow cumulus clouds under different aerosol conditions using three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES). It is found that cloud droplet mean radius, standard deviation, and relative dispersion generally decrease as aerosol mixing ratio increases from 25 mg⁻¹ (clean case) to 100 mg⁻¹ (moderate case), and to 2000 mg⁻¹ (polluted case). Under all the three simulated aerosol conditions, cloud droplet mean radius and standard deviation increase with height. However, droplet relative dispersion increases with height only in the polluted case, and does not vary with height in the clean and moderate cases.  相似文献   

Seasonal Prediction of Spring Dust Weather Frequency in Beijing          下载免费PDF全文

LANG Xianmei 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(5):682-690

In this paper, seasonal prediction of spring dust weather frequency (DWF) in Beijing during 1982-2008 has been performed. First, correlation analyses are conducted to identify antecedent climate signals during last winter that are statistically significantly related to spring DWF in Beijing. Then, a seasonal prediction model of spring DWF in Beijing is established through multivariate linear regression analysis, in which the systematic error between the result of original prediction model and the observation, averaged over the last 10 years, is corrected. In addition, it is found that climate signals occurring synchronously with spring dust weather, particularly meridional wind at 850 hPa over western Mongolian Plateau, are also linked closely to spring DWF in Beijing. As such, statistical and dynamic prediction approaches should be combined to include these synchronous predictors into the prediction model in the real-time operational prediction, so as to further improve the prediction accuracy of spring DWF in Beijing, even over North China. However, realizing such a prediction idea in practice depends essentially on the ability of climate models in predicting key climate signals associated with spring DWF in Beijing.  相似文献   

Impact of Cloud Microphysical Processes on the Simulation of Typhoon Rananim near Shore. Part I: Cloud Structure and Precipitation Features          下载免费PDF全文

CHENG Rui  YU Rucong  FU Yunfei  XU Youping 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(4):441-455

By using the Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model (AREM), the basic structure and cloud features of Typhoon Rananim are simulated and verified against observations. Five sets of experiments are designed to investigate the effects of the cloud microphysical processes on the model cloud structure and precipitation features. The importance of the ice-phase microphysics, the cooling effect related to microphysical characteristics change, and the influence of terminal velocity of graupel are examined. The resu...  相似文献